Validated Measures for Research with Vulnerable & Special Populations

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• UCSF Center for Aging in Diverse Communities: Measures and Concepts (self-report survey)
• UCSF Center for Aging in Diverse Communities: Methods
• MacArthur Research Network on SES & Health: Educational Status

The MacArthur Educational Status Measurement Approaches for both "years of educational attainment" and "credentials earned" are brief.

The Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health has enhanced understanding of the mechanisms by which socioeconomic factors affect the health of individuals and their communities. The Network’s research agenda established in 1997 has stimulated additional research in diverse fields, has contributed data to discussions of economic and social policy, and has provided a basis for social and medical interventions to foster better health among individuals and communities.

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USDA 6-Item Short Form US Household Food Security Module

2-Item Hunger Vital Sign

• Chinese (Word files of Chinese translated versions in Supplementary Material section)

• Hager, E. R., Quigg, A. M., Black, M. M., Coleman, S. M., Heeren, T., Rose-Jacobs, R., ... & Cutts, D. B. (2010). Development and validity of a 2-item screen to identify families at risk for food insecurity. Pediatrics, 126(1), e26-e32.
• Lyles, C. R., Nord, M., Chou, J., Kwan, C. M., & Seligman, H. K. (2015). The San Francisco Chinese Food Security Module: Validation of a Translation of the US Household Food Security Survey Module. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 10(2), 189-201.
• Gundersen, C., Engelhard, E. E., Crumbaugh, A. S., & Seligman, H. K. (2017). Brief assessment of food insecurity accurately identifies high-risk US adults. Public health nutrition, 20(8), 1367-1371.

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Eisenberg, D. M., Davis, R. B., Ettner, S. L., Appel, S., Wilkey, S., Van Rompay, M., & Kessler, R. C. (1998). Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990-1997: results of a follow-up national survey. Jama, 280(18), 1569-1575.

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No validated measures at this time. See Publications for similar instruments used by many studies.

• Vijayaraghavan, M., Kushel, M. B., Vittinghoff, E., Kertesz, S., Jacobs, D., Lewis, C. E., ... & Bibbins-Domingo, K. (2013). Housing instability and incident hypertension in the CARDIA cohort. Journal of Urban Health, 90(3), 427-441.
• Ma, C. T., Gee, L., & Kushel, M. B. (2008). Associations between housing instability and food insecurity with health care access in low-income children. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 8(1), 50-57.
• Kushel, M. B., Gupta, R., Gee, L., & Haas, J. S. (2006). Housing instability and food insecurity as barriers to health care among low‐income Americans. Journal of general internal medicine, 21(1), 71-77.
• Lee, C. T., Guzman, D., Ponath, C., Tieu, L., Riley, E., & Kushel, M. (2016). Residential patterns in older homeless adults: Results of a cluster analysis. Social Science & Medicine, 153, 131-140.
• Brown, R. T., Hemati, K., Riley, E. D., Lee, C. T., Ponath, C., Tieu, L., ... & Kushel, M. B. (2016). Geriatric conditions in a population-based sample of older homeless adults. The Gerontologist, 57(4), 757-766.
• Brown, R. T., Goodman, L., Guzman, D., Tieu, L., Ponath, C., & Kushel, M. B. (2016). Pathways to homelessness among older homeless adults: results from the HOPE HOME study. PloS one, 11(5), e0155065.

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• UCSF Center for Aging in Diverse Communities: Measures and Concepts (self-report survey)
• CDC Vital and Health Statistics: The Assessment of Immigration Status in Health Research (please reference pg. 44 and so forth for surveys, descriptions about each survey begins on pg.13)

CDC Vital and Health Statistics contains a review of the literature on the use of immigration status survey questions.

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Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS)

Juster, F. T., & Suzman, R. (1995). An overview of the Health and Retirement Study. Journal of Human Resources, S7-S56.

Recommended: a larger set of questions items from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health)

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UCSF Center for Aging in Diverse Communities: Measures and Concepts (self-report survey; Recommended Sociodemographic Measures)

Karliner, L. S., Napoles-Springer, A. M., Schillinger, D., Bibbins-Domingo, K., & Pérez-Stable, E. J. (2008). Identification of limited English proficient patients in clinical care. Journal of general internal medicine, 23(10), 1555.

• U.S. Census Question: How well do you speak English (Very Well, Well, Not Well, Not At All)?
• Preferred Language for Healthcare: In what language do you prefer to receive your healthcare?
• Combination of the two in an algorithm to determine need for language access services.

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UCSF Center for Aging in Diverse Communities: Measures and Concepts (self-report survey)

Alang, S. M., McCreedy, E. M., & McAlpine, D. D. (2015). Race, ethnicity, and self-rated health among immigrants in the United States. Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities, 2(4), 565-572.

AHRQ Race, Ethnicity and Language Data: Standardization for Health Care, Quality and Improvement contains questions for race and ethnicity data.

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• Recommendations from the Williams Institute Report (SMART)
• Measure of Sexual Identity Exploration and Commitment (MOSIEC) (please refer to pg. 160-162)
• Transgender Congruence Scale (TCS) (scale on pg.15-16)
• Assessing Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity for Research (PRIDE Study Team - CTSI)
• NHIS Sexual Identity Questions (questionnaire within file)
• The Williams Institute: Gender-Related Measures Overview
• The William Institute: Best Practices for Asking Questions about Sexual Orientation Surveys
• The Williams Institute: Best Practices For Asking Questions to Identify Transgender and Other Gender Minority Respondents on Population-Based Surveys

NHIS Sexual Identity Questions - Spanish Version (please refer to Spanish questionaire at end of file)

• Tate, C. C., Ledbetter, J. N., & Youssef, C. P. (2013). A two-question method for assessing gender categories in the social and medical sciences. Journal of Sex Research, 50(8), 767-776.
• Worthington, R. L., Navarro, R. L., Savoy, H. B., & Hampton, D. (2008). Development, reliability, and validity of the Measure of Sexual Identity Exploration and Commitment (MOSIEC). Developmental Psychology, 44(1), 22.
• Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., & Bauerband, L. A. (2012). Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(2), 179-196.
• Cahill, S., & Makadon, H. (2014). Sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in clinical settings and in electronic health records: A key to ending LGBT health disparities. LGBT health, 1(1), 34-41.
• Cahill, S., Singal, R., Grasso, C., King, D., Mayer, K., Baker, K., & Makadon, H. (2014). Do ask, do tell: high levels of acceptability by patients of routine collection of sexual orientation and gender identity data in four diverse American community health centers. PLoS One, 9(9), e107104.

Pridestudy.org has comprehensive and important guidance, including an analysis of the shortcomings of commonly used measures.

Pending.

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• UCSF Center for Aging in Diverse Communities: Measures and Concepts (self-report survey)
• UCSF Center for Aging in Diverse Communities: Methods

The Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health has enhanced understanding of the mechanisms by which socioeconomic factors affect the health of individuals and their communities. The Network’s research agenda established in 1997 has stimulated additional research in diverse fields, has contributed data to discussions of economic and social policy, and has provided a basis for social and medical interventions to foster better health among individuals and communities.

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A Practical Guide to Caring for Caregivers

Various short versions, from Table 1 in Higgins et al 2010

Chinese (pg 517-518 of article)

• Hérbert, R., Bravo, G., & Préville, M. (2000). Reliability, validity, and reference values of the Zarit Burden Interview for assessing informal caregivers of community-dwelling older persons with dementia. Canadian Journal on Aging, 19(4), 494-507.
• Stagg, B. and Larner, A. J. (2015), Zarit Burden Interview: pragmatic study in a dedicated cognitive function clinic. Prog. Neurol. Psychiatry, 19: 23–27.

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• Coping Health Inventory for Parents (CHIP)
• APGAR (on slide 7, there is a 5 item survey)
• Family Hardiness Index (FHI) (refer to Appendix D for the survey, pg. 85)

• McCubbin, H.I., McCubbin, M.A., Patterson, J.M., Cauble, A.E., Wilson, L.R. & Warwick, W. (1983). CHIP-Coping Health Inventory for Parents: An Assessment of Parental Coping Patterns in the Care of the Chronically Ill Child. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 359-370.
• Stein, R. E., & Jessop, D. J. (2003). The impact on family scale revisited: further psychometric data. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 24(1), 9-16.
• Knafl, K. A., Darney, B. G., Gallo, A. M., & Angst, D. B. (2010). Parental Perceptions of the Outcome and Meaning of Normalization. Research in Nursing & Health, 33(2), 87–98.

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• Measuring Discrimination Resource (has both types of measures, short-form versions, and many citations)

Everyday Discrimination Survey (Short or extended versions in document)

Assessing Appropriateness of Existing Measures of Discrimination:

• Thrasher, A. D., Clay, O. J., Ford, C. L., & Stewart, A. L. (2012). Theory-guided selection of discrimination measures for racial/ethnic health disparities research among older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 24(6), 1018-1043.
• McNeilly, M. D., Anderson, N. B., Armstead, C. A., Clark, R., Corbett, M., Robinson, E. L., ... & Lepisto, E. M. (1996). The perceived racism scale: a multidimensional assessment of the experience of white racism among African Americans. Ethnicity & disease, 6(1-2), 154-166.
• Moody‐Ayers, S. Y., Stewart, A. L., Covinsky, K. E., & Inouye, S. K. (2005). Prevalence and Correlates of Perceived Societal Racism in Older African‐American Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53(12), 2202-2208.

National Survey of American Life (NSAL):

• Williams, D. R., Yu, Y., Jackson, J. S., & Anderson, N. B. (1997). Racial differences in physical and mental health: Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. Journal of health psychology, 2(3), 335-351.

The expert here is David Williams. This is usually separated by 1) Major Life Events vs. 2) Everyday interactions, and then within domains (Work, School, etc.) and by specific reason (ancestry, gender, race, etc.) (Lyles)

Re: Hausmann, et al.: This is less studied overall in my opinion. This is the best paper I have seen directly comparing different ways of assessing healthcare discrimination, but it unfortunately doesn’t have a specific conclusion about which is best to use overall. (Lyles)

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• Advance Care Planning (ACP) Engagement Survey – Process Measures
• Advance Care Planning (ACP) Engagement Survey – Action Measures

Sudore ACP Engagement (within article; English and Spanish, 15 items)

Original validation: Sudore, R. L., Stewart, A. L., Knight, S. J., McMahan, R. D., Feuz, M., Miao, Y., & Barnes, D. E. (2013). Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Detect Behavior Change in Multiple Advance Care Planning Behaviors. PLoS ONE, 8(9), e72465. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072465

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• CAHPS^® Clinician & Group Survey: Health Literacy Item Set
• Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA)
• Short Assessment of Health Literacy - Spanish and English (SAHL-S&E)
• Self-Reported Health Literacy

• SAHL-S Spanish form and guide to use
• Self-Reported Health Literacy - Spanish

• Osborn, C. Y., Wallston, K. A., Shpigel, A., Cavanaugh, K., Kripalani, S., & Rothman, R. L. (2013). Development and validation of the General Health Numeracy Test (GHNT). Patient education and counseling, 91(3), 350-356.
• Sarkar, U., Schillinger, D., López, A., & Sudore, R. (2011). Validation of self-reported health literacy questions among diverse English and Spanish-speaking populations. Journal of general internal medicine, 26(3), 265-271.
• Schillinger D1, Grumbach K, Piette J, Wang F, Osmond D, Daher C, Palacios J, Sullivan GD, Bindman AB. (2002). Association of health literacy with diabetes outcomes. JAMA, 288(4):475-82.

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• Stewart, A. L., Nápoles‐Springer, A., & Pérez‐Stable, E. J. (1999). Interpersonal processes of care in diverse populations. The Milbank Quarterly, 77(3), 305-339.
• Nápoles, A. M., Gregorich, S. E., Santoyo‐Olsson, J., O'brien, H., & Stewart, A. L. (2009). Interpersonal processes of care and patient satisfaction: do associations differ by race, ethnicity, and language?. Health services research, 44(4), 1326-1344.

Pending.

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Medical Mistrust (created by Tom LaVeist at Johns Hopkins) includes a short-form scale of 7 items and the attachments at the bottom include a longer 17-item scale.

LaVeist, T. A., Isaac, L. A., & Williams, K. P. (2009). Mistrust of Health Care Organizations Is Associated with Underutilization of Health Services. Health Services Research, 44(6), 2093–2105.

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Physician Trust in Patient (2011 Short Version)

• Thom, D. H., Wong, S. T., Guzman, D., Wu, A., Penko, J., Miaskowski, C., & Kushel, M. (2011). Physician trust in the patient: development and validation of a new measure. The Annals of Family Medicine, 9(2), 148-154.
• Moskowitz, D., Thom, D. H., Guzman, D., Penko, J., Miaskowski, C., & Kushel, M. (2011). Is Primary Care Providers' Trust in Socially Marginalized Patients Affected by Race? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 26(8), 846–851.

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• Original paper: Anderson, L. A., & Dedrick, R. F. (1990). Development of the Trust in Physician scale: a measure to assess interpersonal trust in patient-physician relationships. Psychological reports, 67(3_suppl), 1091-1100.
• Sentinel Paper: Thom, D. H., Ribisl, K. M., Stewart, A. L., & Luke, D. A. (1999). Further validation and reliability testing of the Trust in Physician Scale. Medical care, 37(5), 510-517.

Studies of trust and race/ethnicity that have used TIPS:

• Schoenthaler, A., Montague, E., Baier Manwell, L., Brown, R., Schwartz, M. D., & Linzer, M. (2014). Patient–physician racial/ethnic concordance and blood pressure control: the role of trust and medication adherence. Ethnicity & health, 19(5), 565-578.
• Nguyen, G. C., LaVeist, T. A., Harris, M. L., Datta, L. W., Bayless, T. M., & Brant, S. R. (2009). Patient trust‐in‐physician and race are predictors of adherence to medical management in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 15(8), 1233-1239.
• Martin, K. D., Roter, D. L., Beach, M. C., Carson, K. A., & Cooper, L. A. (2013). Physician communication behaviors and trust among black and white patients with hypertension. Medical care, 51(2), 151.
• White, R. O., Osborn, C. Y., Gebretsadik, T., Kripalani, S., & Rothman, R. L. (2013). Health literacy, physician trust, and diabetes-related self-care activities in Hispanics with limited resources. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 24(4), 1756.
• van den Berk-Clark, C., & McGuire, J. (2014). Trust in health care providers: Factors predicting trust among homeless veterans over time. Journal of health care for the poor and underserved, 25(3), 1278.
• Fields, A., Abraham, M., Gaughan, J., Haines, C., & Hoehn, K. S. (2016). Language matters: race, trust, and outcomes in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatric emergency care, 32(4), 222-226.
• Scheid, T. L., & Smith, G. H. (2017). Is physician-patient concordance associated with greater trust for women of low socioeconomic status?. Women & health, 57(6), 631-649.

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• Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA): Version 1
• MoCA: Version 2 (login required)
• MoCA: Version 3 (login required)

(Login required for MoCA tests below)

• MoCA: Chinese-Beijing
• MoCA: Chinese-Cantonese
• MoCA: Chinese-Mandarin
• MOCA: Georgian
• MOCA: Spanish Version 1
• MoCA: Spanish Version 2
• MoCA: Spanish Version 3

• MoCA Short Version: Janssen, M. A. M., Bosch, M., Koopmans, P. P., & Kessels, R. P. C. (2015). Validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and the HIV Dementia Scale in the assessment of cognitive impairment in HIV-1 infected patients. Journal of Neurovirology, 21(4), 383-390.
• MoCA Georgian Version: Janelidze, M., Mikeladze, N., Bochorishvili, N., Dzagnidze, A., Kapianidze, M., Mikava, N., ... & Nadareishvili, Z. (2017). Validity of the Georgian Montreal Cognitive Assessment for the Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease & Other Dementias®, 32(1), 36-40.
• MoCA Spanish Version: Delgado, C., Araneda, A., & Behrens, M. I. (2017). Validation of the Spanish-language version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment test in adults older than 60 years. Neurologia (Barcelona, Spain).
• MoCA among low literacy population: Julayanont, P., Tangwongchai, S., Hemrungrojn, S., Tunvirachaisakul, C., Phanthumchinda, K., Hongsawat, J., ... & Nasreddine, Z. S. (2015). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment—Basic: A Screening Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Illiterate and Low‐Educated Elderly Adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 63(12), 2550-2554.
• MoCA for screening: Freitas, S., Prieto, G., Simões, M. R., & Santana, I. (2015). Scaling Cognitive Domains of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: An Analysis Using the Partial Credit Model. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 30(5), 435-447.
• Mini-Cog: Borson, S., Scanlan, J. M., Chen, P., & Ganguli, M. (2003). The Mini‐Cog as a screen for dementia: validation in a population‐based sample. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51(10), 1451-1454.
• Mini-Cog Spanish Version: Carnero-Pardo, C., Cruz-Orduña, I., Espejo-Martínez, B., Martos-Aparicio, C., López-Alcalde, S., & Olazarán, J. (2013). Utility of the Mini-Cog for Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Primary Care: Data from Two Spanish Studies. International Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 2013, 285462.

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• Katz’s original article with Katz-ADL

Katz, S., Ford, A. B., Moskowitz, R. W., Jackson, B. A., Jaffe, M. W., & White, K. L. (1992). Studies of illness in the aged--The index of ADL: A standardized measure of biological and psychosocial functions. In PAHO. Scientific Publication (No. 534, pp. 272-80). Pan American Health Organization.

Pending.

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• The Timed "Up & Go": A test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly
• Dynamic Gait Index
• Falls Efficacy Scale (FES)
• Trauma Specific Frailty Index (refer to Table 12.1 in book)
• Comprehensive Falls Risk Screening instrument (CFRSI) (refer to Appendix F on pg. 170)

Pending: comprehensive test to assess urinary incontinence, falls, dementia, etc.

• Timed Up and Go: Podsiadlo, D., & Richardson, S. (1991). The timed "Up & Go": a test of basic functional mobility for frail elderly persons. Journal of the American geriatrics Society, 39(2), 142-148..
• Fall Risk Index: Tinetti, M. E., Williams, T. F., & Mayewski, R. (1986). Fall risk index for elderly patients based on number of chronic disabilities. The American journal of medicine, 80(3), 429-434.
• Activities-specific Balance Confidence (ABC) Scale: Powell, L. E., & Myers, A. M. (1995). The activities-specific balance confidence (ABC) scale. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 50(1), M28-M34.
• Trauma Specific Frailty Index: Biffl, W. L., & Biffl, S. E. (2015). Rehabilitation of the Geriatric Surgical Patient. Surgical Clinics, 95(1), 173-190.
• Comprehensive Falls Risk Screening instrument (CFRSI): Fabre, J. M., Ellis, R., Kosma, M., & Wood, R. H. (2010). Falls risk factors and a compendium of falls risk screening instruments. Journal of geriatric physical therapy, 33(4), 184-197.

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• HHIE Screening Version (HHIE-S)

Rachakonda, T., Jeffe, D. B., Shin, J. J., Mankarious, L., Fanning, R. J., Lesperance, M. M., & Lieu, J. E. C. (2014). Validity, Discriminative Ability and Reliability of the Hearing-Related Quality of Life (HEAR-QL) Questionnaire for Adolescents. The Laryngoscope, 124(2), 570–578.

Relevant cited articles from validation paper: Tara Rachakonda  |  Donna B. Jeffe  |  Jennifer J. Shin  |  Leila Mankarious  |  Robert J. Fanning  |  Marci M. Lesperance  |  Judith E.C. Lieu

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• Treatment Outcomes of Pain Survey (TOPS) (survey not available online)
• Brief Pain Inventory (BPI)

• Brief Pain Inventory Short Form (BPI-SF)

TOPS was translated into 7 languages (not online)

• Dworkin, R. H., Turk, D. C., Farrar, J. T., Haythornthwaite, J. A., Jensen, M. P., Katz, N. P., ... & Carr, D. B. (2005). Core outcome measures for chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain, 113(1-2), 9-19.
• Ho, M. J., & Lafleur, J. (2004). The Treatment Outcomes of Pain Survey (TOPS) A Clinical Monitoring and Outcomes Instrument for Chronic Pain Practice and Research. Journal of pain & palliative care pharmacotherapy, 18(2), 49-59.
• Zelman, D. C., Gore, M., Dukes, E., Tai, K. S., & Brandenburg, N. (2005). Validation of a modified version of the Brief Pain Inventory for painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Journal of pain and symptom management, 29(4), 401-410.

Relevant researchers:
Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Katz NP, Kerns RD, Stucki G, Allen RR, Bellamy N, Carr DB, Chandler J, Cowan P, Dionne R, Galer BS, Hertz S, Jadad AR, Kramer LD, Manning DC, Martin S, McCormick CG, McDermott MP, McGrath P, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Robbins W, Robinson JP, Rothman M, Royal MA, Simon L, Stauffer JW, Stein W, Tollett J, Wernicke J, Witter J; IMMPACT.

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• Visual Function Index (VF-14) (Steinberg et al., 1994)
• Activities of Daily Vision Scale (within article, Mangione et al., 1992)

Validation of Pelli-Robson Chart:

• Elliott, D. B., Sanderson, K., & Conkey, A. (1990). The reliability of the Pelli‐Robson contrast sensitivity chart. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics, 10(1), 21-24.
• Kennedy, R. S., & Dunlap, W. P. (1990). Assessment of the Vistech contrast sensitivity test for repeated-measures applications. Optometry and vision science: official publication of the American Academy of Optometry, 67(4), 248-251.

Validation of Vistech Contrast Sensitivity:

• Scialfa, C. T., Adams, E. M., & Giovanetto, M. (1991). Reliability of the Vistech Contrast Test System in a life-span adult sample. Optom Vis Sci, 68(4), 270-4.

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Fries, J. F., Spitz, P., Kraines, R. G., & Holman, H. R. (1980). Measurement of patient outcome in arthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 23(2), 137-145.

Some of the most widely used internationally validated disability measures are the Washington Group Disability Sets.

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National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges 10-item ACE Questionnaire

• Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., ... & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American journal of preventive medicine, 14(4), 245-258.
• Miller, T. W., & Veltkamp, L. J. (1995). Assessment of sexual abuse and trauma: clinical measures. Child psychiatry and human development, 26(1), 3-10.

The National Child Traumatic Stress Network provides Standardized Measures to Assess Complex Trauma. This table lists specific tools that can be used either to assess a broad range of complex trauma domains or tap into a specific domain in greater detail. Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of assessments; other tools may be available that are not listed here.

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• Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire
• National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
• Bureau of Justice Statistics: Criminal Victimization in the United States, 1993 (Violent Crime Screener Questions pg.124)
• Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN) The goal of LONGSCAN is to follow the 1300+ children and their families until the children themselves become young adults. Comprehensive assessments of children, their parents, and their teachers have been completed at child ages 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 16, & 18. Maltreatment data are collected from multiple sources, including review of Child Protective Service records on regular cycles . Telephone interviews conducted every two years (between comprehensive interviews) allow the sites to track families and assess service utilization and important life events.

National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges 10-item ACE Questionnaire

• Finkelhor, D., Hamby, S. L., Ormrod, R., & Turner, H. (2005). The Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire: reliability, validity, and national norms. Child abuse & neglect, 29(4), 383-412.
• Perkins, C., Klaus, P. A., & Bastian, L. D. (1996). Criminal victimization in the United States, 1993. DIANE Publishing.
• Bernstein, D. P., Ahluvalia, T., Pogge, D., & Handelsman, L. (1997). Validity of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in an adolescent psychiatric population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(3), 340–348.
• Runyan, D. K., Curtis, P. A., Hunter, W. M., Black, M. M., Kotch, J. B., Bangdiwala, S., Dubowitz, H., English, D., Everson, M. D., & Landsverk, J. (1998). LONGSCAN: A consortium for longitudinal studies of maltreatment and the lifecourse of children. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal, 3(3),275–285.

The National Child Traumatic Stress Network provides Standardized Measures to Assess Complex Trauma. This table lists specific tools that can be used either to assess a broad range of complex trauma domains or tap into a specific domain in greater detail. Please note that this is not an exhaustive list of assessments; other tools may be available that are not listed here.

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• USDVA Trauma Exposure Measures (provides links to many measures of trauma)
• USDVA Exposure Measures of Child Trauma
• Measures for Dimensions of Violence against Women

Stephenson, R., & Finneran, C. (2013). The IPV-GBM scale: a new scale to measure intimate partner violence among gay and bisexual men. PloS one, 8(6), e62592.

There are many measures of interpersonal violence. One would need to search surveys more specific to their interest.

Pending.

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Pending.

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• Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) and Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST)
• Brief Screener for Alcohol, Tobacco, and other Drugs (BTSAD)
• Screening to Brief Intervention (S2BI)

• Bush, K., Kivlahan, D. R., McDonell, M. B., Fihn, S. D., & Bradley, K. A. (1998). The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Archives of internal medicine, 158(16), 1789.
• Humeniuk, R., Ali, R., World Health Organization, & ASSIST Phase II Study Group. (2006). Validation of the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) and pilot brief intervention [electronic resource]: A technical report of phase II findings of the WHO ASSIST Project.

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• PHQ-9
• Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)

• PHQ-2 - Spanish
• EPDS - Spanish
• EPDS - Chinese (pg. 31-32)
• EPDS in many languages excluding English

• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a Brief Depression Severity Measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.
• Heh, S. S. (2001). Validation of the Chinese version of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: detecting postnatal depression in Taiwanese women. Nursing Research, 9(2), 105-113.

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PCL-C (PTSD Checklist civilian version)

PCL-S - Spanish (refer to pg. 8)

Miles, J. N., Marshall, G. N., & Schell, T. L. (2008). Spanish and English versions of the PTSD Checklist–Civilian version (PCL‐C): Testing for differential item functioning. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(4), 369-376.

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A Global Measure of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) refer to Appendix A

Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A Global Measure of Perceived Stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 385-396.

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• K6 scale (self-administered)
• K6 scale (interviewer administered)
• K10 scale (self-administered)
• K10 scale (interviewer administered)

K6 measures nervousness, helplessness, restlessness, depression, effort, and worthlessness. K10 measures these plus fatigue and hopelessness, and has additional questions on nervousness and restlessness.

• K6 - Spanish
• K6 - Mandarin
• K10 - Spanish
• K10 - Mandarin
• More languages

• Furukawa, T.A., Kessler, R.C., Slade, T., Andrews, G. (2003). The performance of the K6 and K10 screening scales for psychological distress in the Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Well-Being Psychological Medicine. 33:357-362.
• Kessler, R.C., Barker, P.R., Colpe, L.J., Epstein, J.F., Gfroerer, J.C., Hiripi, E., Howes, M.J, Normand, S-L.T., Manderscheid, R.W., Walters, E.E., Zaslavsky, A.M. (2003). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population Archives of General Psychiatry. 60(2), 184-189
• Kessler, R.C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L.J., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D.K., Normand, S.-L.T., Walters, E.E., & Zaslavsky, A. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in nonspecific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine. 32(6), 959-976.
• Kessler, R.C., Green, J.G., Gruber, M.J., Sampson, N.A., Bromet, E., Cuitan, M., Furukawa, T.A., Gureje, O., Hinkov, H., Hu, C.Y., Lara, C., Lee, S., Mneimneh, Z., Myer, L., Oakley-Browne, M., Posada-Villa, J., Sagar, R., Viana, M.C., Zaslavsky, A.M. (2010). Screening for serious mental illness in the general population with the K6 screening scale: results from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) survey initiative. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 19(S1), 4-22. Erratum in International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research 2011 Mar;20(1):62.